In order to determine the directional dependence, we calculate the MHVRs separately for the two horizontal components, namely NS/UD and EW/UD. First we calculate the Fourier spectrum of each component and smooth the spectrum with a Parzen window with a bandwidth of 0.1 Hz. Then we take the ratio of each horizontal component to the UD component. The MHVRs for the two components at the sites within the premises of the Onahama Port Office are shown in Figs. 4 and 5 for Line-3 and Line-4, respectively. In these and subsequent figures, the NS/UD and EW/UD are indicated in blue and red lines, respectively. For Line-3, which is aligned in the NS direction, the difference between the two components is nominal for points 3-1 to 3-4, but from points 3-7 to 3-9 the difference is significant at the peak frequency of about 5 Hz. If we look in detail, we can notice that for the southern points 3-1 to 3-3, there is one dominant peak at frequency slightly over 10 Hz for both components, but as we move to the north the peak frequency changes. At point 3-4, an additional peak at 8 Hz appears and then at point 3-5 the peak at 10 Hz diminishes and only the peak at 8 Hz remains. Then at point 3-6, the peak at 8 Hz diminishes and a small peak at about 5 Hz emerges. After this transition zone, a clear sharp peak at about 5 Hz for NS/UD can be seen at points 3-7 to 3-10, but hardly any peak can be identified for EW/UD at these points. As for Line-4 in Fig. 5, which is aligned in the EW direction, we see a sharp peak at 5 Hz in NS/UD for points 4-1 to 4-10. At point 4-11, this peak becomes smaller and at point 4-12 the peak of NS/UD becomes close to the peak of EW/UD in amplitude. This may be an indication that some lateral heterogeneity exists in the subsurface structure crossing Line-3 and extending parallel to Line-4. To investigate the extent of the assumed irregularity, we conducted microtremor measurements around the premises of the Onahama Port Office at the points shown in Fig. 3. For Line-A shown in Fig. 6, which is aligned in the NS direction and goes through the premises, we can see the same characteristics at points A5 and A6, which are located inside the premises, as those of points 3-7 and 4-6, but for points outside of the premises, e.g., A1 to A4 and A7 to A9, there is no significant difference between NS/UD and EW/UD.
In the 2000s, there was a trend of print and e-book sales moving to the Internet,[citation needed] where readers buy traditional paper books and e-books on websites using e-commerce systems. With print books, readers are increasingly browsing through images of the covers of books on publisher or bookstore websites and selecting and ordering titles online; the paper books are then delivered to the reader by mail or another delivery service. With e-books, users can browse through titles online, and then when they select and order titles, the e-book can be sent to them online or the user can download the e-book.[3] By the early 2010s, e-books had begun to overtake hardcover by overall publication figures in the U.S.[4]
Crossing The Line Suarez Epub Books
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Alternatively, some historians consider electronic books to have started in the early 1960s, with the NLS project headed by Douglas Engelbart at Stanford Research Institute (SRI), and the Hypertext Editing System and FRESS projects headed by Andries van Dam at Brown University.[15][16][17] FRESS documents ran on IBM mainframes and were structure-oriented rather than line-oriented; they were formatted dynamically for different users, display hardware, window sizes, and so on, as well as having automated tables of contents, indexes, and so on. All these systems also provided extensive hyperlinking, graphics, and other capabilities. Van Dam is generally thought to have coined the term "electronic book",[18][19] and it was established enough to use in an article title by 1985.[20]
FRESS was used for reading extensive primary texts online, as well as for annotation and online discussions in several courses, including English Poetry and Biochemistry. Brown's faculty made extensive use of FRESS; for example the philosopher Roderick Chisholm used it to produce several of his books. Thus in the Preface to Person and Object (1979) he writes "The book would not have been completed without the epoch-making File Retrieval and Editing System..."[21] Brown University's work in electronic book systems continued for many years, including US Navy funded projects for electronic repair-manuals;[22] a large-scale distributed hypermedia system known as InterMedia;[23] a spinoff company Electronic Book Technologies that built DynaText, the first SGML-based e-reader system; and the Scholarly Technology Group's extensive work on the Open eBook standard.
Meanwhile, scholars formed the Text Encoding Initiative, which developed consensus guidelines for encoding books and other materials of scholarly interest for a variety of analytic uses as well as reading, and countless literary and other works have been developed using the TEI approach. In the late 1990s, a consortium formed to develop the Open eBook format as a way for authors and publishers to provide a single source-document which many book-reading software and hardware platforms could handle. Several scholars from the TEI were closely involved in the early development of Open eBook, including Allen Renear, Elli Mylonas, and Steven DeRose, all from Brown. Focused on portability, Open eBook as defined required subsets of XHTML and CSS; a set of multimedia formats (others could be used, but there must also be a fallback in one of the required formats), and an XML schema for a "manifest", to list the components of a given e-book, identify a table of contents, cover art, and so on.[citation needed] This format led to the open format EPUB. Google Books has converted many public domain works to this open format.[34]
In 2010, e-books continued to gain in their own specialist and underground markets.[citation needed] Many e-book publishers began distributing books that were in the public domain.[citation needed] At the same time, authors with books that were not accepted by publishers offered their works online so they could be seen by others. Unofficial (and occasionally unauthorized) catalogs of books became available on the web, and sites devoted to e-books began disseminating information about e-books to the public.[35] Nearly two-thirds of the U.S. Consumer e-book publishing market are controlled by the "Big Five". The "Big Five" publishers are: Hachette, HarperCollins, Macmillan, Penguin Random House and Simon & Schuster.[36]
Despite the widespread adoption of e-books, some publishers and authors have not endorsed the concept of electronic publishing, citing issues with user demand, copyright infringement and challenges with proprietary devices and systems.[44] In a survey of interlibrary loan (ILL) librarians, it was found that 92% of libraries held e-books in their collections and that 27% of those libraries had negotiated ILL rights for some of their e-books. This survey found significant barriers to conducting interlibrary loan for e-books.[45] Patron-driven acquisition (PDA) has been available for several years in public libraries, allowing vendors to streamline the acquisition process by offering to match a library's selection profile to the vendor's e-book titles.[46] The library's catalog is then populated with records for all of the e-books that match the profile.[46] The decision to purchase the title is left to the patrons, although the library can set purchasing conditions such as a maximum price and purchasing caps so that the dedicated funds are spent according to the library's budget.[46] The 2012 meeting of the Association of American University Presses included a panel on the PDA of books produced by university presses, based on a preliminary report by Joseph Esposito, a digital publishing consultant who has studied the implications of PDA with a grant from the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation.[47]
An e-reader, also called an e-book reader or e-book device, is a mobile electronic device that is designed primarily for the purpose of reading e-books and digital periodicals. An e-reader is similar in form, but more limited in purpose than a tablet. In comparison to tablets, many e-readers are better than tablets for reading because they are more portable, have better readability in sunlight and have longer battery life.[50] In July 2010, online bookseller Amazon.com reported sales of e-books for its proprietary Kindle outnumbered sales of hardcover books for the first time ever during the second quarter of 2010, saying it sold 140 e-books for every 100 hardcover books, including hardcovers for which there was no digital edition.[51] By January 2011, e-book sales at Amazon had surpassed its paperback sales.[52] In the overall US market, paperback book sales are still much larger than either hardcover or e-book; the American Publishing Association estimated e-books represented 8.5% of sales as of mid-2010, up from 3% a year before.[53] At the end of the first quarter of 2012, e-book sales in the United States surpassed hardcover book sales for the first time.[4]
In the space that a comparably sized physical book takes up, an e-reader can contain thousands of e-books, limited only by its memory capacity. Depending on the device, an e-book may be readable in low light or even total darkness. Many e-readers have a built-in light source, can enlarge or change fonts, use text-to-speech software to read the text aloud for visually impaired, elderly or dyslexic people or just for convenience.[165] Additionally, e-readers allow readers to look up words or find more information about the topic immediately using an online dictionary.[166][167][168] Amazon reports that 85% of its e-book readers look up a word while reading.[169]
Printed books use three times more raw materials and 78 times more water to produce when compared to e-books.[170] A 2017 study found that even when accounting for the emissions created in manufacturing the e-reader device, substituting more than 4.7 print books a year resulted in less greenhouse gas emissions than print.[171] While an e-reader costs more than most individual books, e-books may have a lower cost than paper books.[172] E-books may be made available for less than the price of traditional books using on-demand book printers.[173] Moreover, numerous e-books are available online free of charge on sites such as Project Gutenberg.[174] For example, all books printed before 1923 are in the public domain in the United States, which enables websites to host ebook versions of such titles for free.[175] 2ff7e9595c
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